The Characteristics Of William Tolkien s The Great...

Throughout his work, Tolkien exemplifies the characteristics found in accepted works of literature and asserts himself as a literary author. One method of assessing literary merit is to measure prestige. While it may seem to be a trivial test at first, it is an oddly potent one. People whose voices are respected (scholars, critics, other writers, the kind of people who set the agenda for cultural norms of literary greatness) take Tolkien’s work seriously. Uniformly, no, but broadly yes. W.H. Auden is the foremost example of someone unimpeachably in the â€Å"establishment†, as it were, to push for recognition of Tolkien s artistry, and by and large he succeeded. And he s not the only one, though honestly, one should care a lot less about who thinks Tolkien was sublime or rubbish and pay more attention to why. So there has to be some artistry to recognize. Does it have craftsmanship? Is it well written? Does the author attend carefully to the mechanics of storytelling and the nuances of prosody? Undoubtedly yes, one could argue this is the area that puts Tolkien several leagues above his later imitators in commercial fantasy. One can think of a few good studies that dive right into Tolkien s sentence structure and dialogue and examine just how careful and varied it is. Tom Shippey s book Author of the Century has a whole chapter that is about the different voices in the Council of Elrond—how, for instance, the diction of the Dwarves reflects the culture of the Dwarves, and

Organizational Behavior Analysis Free Essays

string(55) " as forms of disseminating information throughout CPS\." I will be talking about my current job as a Child Protective Investigator (CPI) also known as Child Protective Services (or CPS). This is the governmental agency that is tasked with investigating child abuse or neglect. The primary concern of a CPI is the safety of the child; they do this by assessing the risk involved. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now By weighing that risk the CPI has to make the decision rather to remove the children or child from the home or place services within the home that will allow them to function as a family in a more productive manner. Once the CPI has made the decision to remove the child or children, the next step in the process is find and create a plan that will eventually return the child to a more proficient and safer family environment. The CPI will assign the family to a caseworker who is tasked with developing a plan to administer to the parents that will educate them on better ways to care for the children and meet all their needs, and create and environment free from abuse or neglect. CPI’s deal with a variety of families, with different backgrounds, values, religions, cultures and beliefs, which have a bearing on the way they parent; this means that CPS has be flexible and understanding when it comes to dealing with the problems they face within these family structures. The fact is that the American population is continually changing for many reasons such as; ethnically, culturally, racially, and linguistically based on the diverse populations that are a part of the US fabric. CPS organizations must create and implement a better and improving systemic change in order to understand and meet the needs of this diverse population of families. In this ever changing environment CPS must be even better prepared and become an even more effective communicator when it comes to helping and working with our families and providers. I have been working as a CPI for over 2 ? years and will share with you what I think this organization operates like and what makes it tick. I will evaluate the Organizational Behavior of Child Protective Services and explain the weakness or strengths I have faced since being a part of this organization. First what is Organizational Behavior? It is defined as the study and employment of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations. Organizational behavior is not the evaluation of how the organization will behave, but rather the evaluation of the people or individuals behavior within the organizational setting. They study the behavior of the individuals as well as group settings. The study and purpose of organizational behavior is for the leaders to gain a better understanding of those things that may change, interrupt or influence individual and sectional dynamics within a company setting so that the organization can become a more effective and proficient business. A large part of organizational behavior is researching and evaluating as to provide leaders with the needed resources, information and tools they will have to have in order to successfully train, select and retain personal in a manner that would benefit both the personal and the organization. Organizational culture is driven by â€Å"competition and a strong desire to deliver results and accomplish goals†. (Kinicki. and Kreitner 2009, pg. 43). I believe that based on the child Protective services (CPS) organizational culture the concept used is the ‘salad bowl’ because of the diversity within the organization. I say this because many of the CPI’s and workers are of different races, cultures, ages, sexual orientation, gender, ethnicity and physical ability. I believe that this diverse culture is very good for this organization it provides a very positive environment which translates into positive productivity. CPI’s use multiple types of strategies and steps to ensure good production and good service. Such as reading the families background if they had a prior case as many of them do and checking law enforcement reports to see what are the families issues, culture and background prior to going out on the case which will give the CPI a better insight on the type of family and the concerns they are facing. I believe the culture of CPS as an organization is evident by the values, norms, organizational beliefs, goals and many other primary factors. This also relates to all internal interactions and any informal and formal implementation. In CPS there is a strong mutual respect for each other and the CPI’s are supported, encouraged allowed to do what they think is needed to meet the family and organizational goals and to continue to develop and hone their skills in the field. Because CPI’s work primarily alone in the field, they are entrusted with decision-making and execution in the absence of their leaders. Many times the CPI will have to attack a problem and make a decision on the spot and may not be able to get into contact with the supervisor therefore leaders must have the type of people they can trust and rely on to make the best decision without guidance. In CPS you can see that the organizations culture is evident in their goals, mission statement, integrity, standards, values, and ethics. The mission statement of CPS is to provide proficient, caring and productive services to the protection of children and their families; to seek the improvement and protection of abused children and to seek reunification for the families and provide family the education tools required for the child to remain in the home; and to meet and exceed the needs of the families using innovative and unique products, resources and services. To create and provide an equal, balanced and great place for the CPIs to work and excel. Because of the different cultures and people CPI’s face in this business there are multiple types of communication used and embraced by CPS. CPS uses a variety of both verbal and written communication as forms of disseminating information throughout CPS. You read "Organizational Behavior Analysis" in category "Papers" The type of communication that is used is dependent upon the importance of information and how quickly it needs to be provided. Some of these communication devices are: emails, brochures, company websites, meetings, notice boards, letters, telephone, and texting. What the CPS tries to do is to ensure that the communication is always open and that it represents and displays the culture of CPS. Communication devices play a major role in CPS, because many of the families we come into contact with have disabilities which may require a different type of communication, such as sign language interpreters, virtual websites may have to be used because the interpreter may be in another state, like interpreters for people that speak different languages and so on. It is vital to be able to communicate the message you are trying to convey to these families in a manner they can relate to, because bad communication can be destructive to the fabric of this family and there well-being. CPS believes that the key to the success of this organization is to ensure effective leadership and that the leaders have strong leadership, communication, management, and people skills, as well as be compassionate and caring when it comes to child protection. In CPS, the leadership hierarchical of authority flows from the upper management down to the CPI’s and their supervisors. But this process of leadership is of a democratic type leadership because CPI’s and workers have the chance to voice their concerns and participate in decisions making that will affect the organization. But if conflict arises the final decision is made by the supervisors and higher. The higher hierarchical do make the decision on policies and procedures but will usually have meeting and conferences asking the opinions and concerns about upcoming changes, if it is something that is coming down the pipeline that is more of a directive they will try to give the organization the time and information needed to prepare for this change in policy or procedures. Leadership tries to work with CPI’s and try and understand what their concerns are as they are the ones dealing with the everyday changes within the community and families on a day to day basis. It is not just important for the leaders to be in touch with their CPI’s, but to be able to relate to the issues and concerns they have about what they are seeing in the field. If a leader shows the compassion, understanding and empathy to what their CPI’s is going through, they will without a doubt gain their loyalty and trust. If CPI’s feel they cannot trust their supervisors they have an open door policy for CPI’s to come in and voice their concerns without reprisal. CPS has a code of conduct which applies to all members of the organization and is enforced if abused. These Codes of Conduct embodies all the ethical policies and procedures to be followed. This code of conduct makes CPIs and other workers of CPS feel they have a voice and make them feel empowered and not afraid to attack a situation or problem. CPS also has a Whistle blowers protection policies implemented within this organization. I think this policy creates trust within the organization and its leadership, and CPI’s feel that they are an asset to the company and are valued. When it comes to motivation how to motivate people varies from person to person; but it is vital to the success of a company that the leaders have the ability to motivate their CPIs and workers in order to be successful and more productive. The best way for leaders to do this is to know their people and what makes them tick. Because I may be motivated by time off and another person may be motivated by money. In CPS motivation is needed and imperative for CPI’s to go out day in and day out and be productive when facing such grim situations. For instance I remember a week where I was being overwhelmed with cases, working late hours every day, and I ran into a case where a 6 year old girl was being molested by the step-father and the uncle and the mother was aware of it. This case really drained me and it took everything I had as a man and a person to get up the next day and go back out to do this job. I remember my supervisor called me into the office and said â€Å"I can see this week has been hard on you; take the day off and go home and be with your family, I got your cases for the day†. This meant a lot to me and it was the motivation I needed to get through another day when I returned, it was the time off I needed and my supervisor showed me he understood and cared for what I was going through. From that day on there was nothing he could ask me I would not do, he earned my respect and loyalty. This is part of the culture that is CPS, CPI’s are given their assignments and goals and what are expected of them and if needed, to work as groups. CPI’s are given continuous training to improve their knowledge and skills. CPS tries and implements incentives and rewards, promotions are available if you are productive and efficient in your job performance. CPI’s are given Pay raises, time off and other incentives as a form to motivate them. CPI privacy is safeguarded through the CPS compliance officer; this is an important factor to CPI’s as they deal with sensitive situations. CPI’s has the responsibility of making critical decisions when it comes to child protection. What this means is CPI’s has to have strong decision making skills, this is accomplished by them knowing and understanding their emotional quotient. CPS encourages the CPI’s to seek this both personally and professionally by using classes provided on the website, through seminars, sessions and provided guest speakers. When CPI’s and workers are aware and in control of their feelings and emotions it resonates throughout the organization and they are much more productive and confident. It is important that CPI’s have the ability to excess their interpersonal and intrapersonal emotions to help them to become a more well-rounded CPI within their jobs. They can do this by being more self-aware, self-regulated, self- motivated, having stronger social skills and being empathetic towards the cases and families that encounter. CPS provides CPI’s with emotional training workshops and training coaches to help them become more proficient and productive. For instance I remember when I first got this job, when I received the report on the family and looked at what some of the prior reports were I found myself forming opinions about the family before I ever met them or conducted the investigation into the allegations. My supervisor taught me that it is important to keep your personal feeling out of the process and find the truth and only deal with the truth. Because people change over time and allegations are just that allegations until they are proven otherwise. This is the best advice I got when it came to this job and the knowledge I needed to be a more productive investigator. CPS is not a virtual organization but does use virtual organizational elements to enhance the technical experience needed to keep up in this fast pace and growing organization. We are a very large organization and are spreaded out through several regions, not only are we as child protective investigators spread thin; we are in contact and have to use many other resources and organizations that help us provide services to our clients and families. These other entities and organizations include , medical personal, Psychologist and other mental personal and agencies, law enforcement, counselors, schools, lawyers and non-profit agencies to name a few. So when we have what we call a staffing which involves many of these different people and organizations, they are spread out all over the city and state. So this can be very difficult to get them all in one place based on each individual busy schedule. This is where the virtual elements came in as a manner in which to provide a tool that allows us to all be in different places and still be able to come together and address an issue. We are able to do this through virtual elements like; virtual meetings, classes, teleconferences, virtual speaker conferences, etc†¦ to be able to reach and communicate with other CPS personal and offices around the country and state. By using virtual elements it saves time, resources and money and we can effectively reach our goals and get out our message to a large audience with little complication. In conclusion, I think it is imperative that an organization should continuously evaluate their organizational behavior as a manner of determining how effective their process and business policies and procedures are doing. You must try and understand what are the strengths and weaknesses of your organizations performance and what is needed to fix it so your organization can move forward in a positive and successful manner. CPS is an organization that cannot afford to fall behind or lack in any form of technical, environmental or any other change as it relates to the services they provide to families. CPS has a very important job and it requires us to be proficient, up to date and fully trained so we can ensure that nothing but the best service is being provided to children who are being abused and families that require assistance. I believe this is the kind of job that requires people that care, are empathetic, and have a burning need to help others because we cannot afford to drop the ball when it comes to children safety. How to cite Organizational Behavior Analysis, Papers Organizational Behavior Analysis Free Essays Military’ and then answer the required questions based on that analysis. First the organizational behavior analysis must be understood so that It can serve as a planning tool for leadership and management. The organization behavior analysis basically shows how the people within the organization are working together within it. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now This can lay out whether the organization Is living up to its purpose, responsibility, expectations or mission. Since the U. S. Military is much more than a specific organization, this can be more than Just one’s personal view and thus must e based on the ethics, rules and expectations of the leaders of the military. Type of Culture What type of culture is the U. S. Military made up of? The type of culture for and organization will fall into or even a possibility of a mixture of one of the different organizational culture types: 1. Pluralism- is when smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique or specific cultural identities, and their values and practices are accepted by the wider culture of the organization, provided they are consistent with the laws and values of that organization (Pluralism, 2012). 2. Dualism – Is the system of two separate cultures, holding to their own beliefs and views with accord to the others. The Canadian society and constitution is considered dualism as it was settle by the French and the English and both are given equal Rights. 3. Salad Bowl – is a combination of many deferent cultures that are mixed together such as in a salad (e-notes, 2012). Even although these different cultures are thrown together they do not mix but stay separate within the culture of the whole organization. Based on the definitions of the different types of cultures, the culture within the U. S. Litany would have to be the â€Å"Salad Bowl† culture. Even although once you join the military and have the culture within as a soldier following the military set rules and ethics, you have many different cultures. You have the different Latino groups within the military from the Puerco Ricans, the Mexicans, the Cubans and many more. Each stay within their own cultural groups off duty and even within these groups you have sub-groups of cultures such as the New York Puerco which consider themselves different from the northern Cubans within their own cultures. You have the â€Å"born and proud to be southern† culture, hard line religious ultras from Catholic to Muslim. There are the ones who consider themselves African American Blacks as well as Blacks who consider themselves African. All of these cultures are accepted within the military as long as no rights of other cultures are infringed or intimidated by your culture, and none of the activities based on your culture are illegal based on the laws of the military code of conduct. Communication One of the most important tools within the military is considered communication. This communication is both verbal and written but the emphasis is put on verbal for lily activities. All leaders are taught communication skills from the different Schools they must attend within their enlistment. But today due to the considered high stress of the military in combat situations and high rates of suicide and other personal incidents communication skills are pushed throughout the command (Analogy, 2011). The military prides itself on all types of communication. Awards, medals, citations, promotions many say are not what or how well you did it, but how well it was written about. But this communication is small in comparison to the daily verbal communication. From the start of any military career with the daily orders being shouted by the Drill Sergeant, to the open door policy of every unit commander, communication is expected and directed. This allows the leaders to know what soldiers are thinking, allows friends to let the leaders know when one of their own may have problems with any recourse, and as a whole as long as the line of communication is open information keeps from becoming a blocked problem. Authority The Authority in the military is simply based on position and rank. All enlisted are controlled by the higher enlisted soldiers. Soldiers of equal rank answer to that of the position, such as two sergeants may have the same rank, but the one with the position such as Squad Leader is the one in charge. One soldier may even outrank another on select mission such as A Master Sergeant (MUGS) may have to follow a Sergeant First Class (SEC) on a mission due to the SF being the Patrol Leader (PL) or Mission Commander (MAC). All enlisted fall under the officers and they are based again on rank and position as well. All military members then fall under the defense secretary and then the President of the United States (POTTS). It is always stated that no matter what the rank there is only 6 or less positions of command between the lowest enlisted soldier and the Commander In Chief, (POTTS). The rank in the military is earned and awarded, there is no way to buy or start at higher ranks they must be earned with time, schooling and experience. Motivation As the military is an all-volunteer force since the end of the draft after the Vietnam War, the motivational requirements are not as hard as they were years ago. There are still times with specific individuals, but as a whole motivation is based on a few basic principles. First you do what you are ordered as it an order and punishable by the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCM) to not obey any â€Å"Lawful† order given by a superior officer or NCO. Lawful was stated as no unlawful orders must be obeyed or may be punished for ad’s-obeying. As a fact, if an unlawful order is given and known to be unlawful, the person following it is as guilty as the one who orders it (LOC, Even with the laws being the number one motivation, other motivations are used such as time off. When a soldier does extra well on a Job many times a reward of a pass or liberty is given. Awards are given as motivation to distinguish those who do above the basic requirements. And of course promotion and pay, with rewards also come’s promotions and with promotions come higher pay. This is this ultimate motivations and leads back to that of the UCM as well. For to not follow the rules, one can lose rank and pay, this is a big motivator within itself. Virtual Organization With the places the military is around the world, virtual elements are used constantly. POTTS, Commanders and other staff get to watch real mission being streamed in real world time, as that of the killing of BLOB. Meetings are held by units played at multiple locations hourly throughout the day. Many soldiers video chat to loved ones back home from some of the most perilous locations today through virtual means. Soldiers have watched their children born, graduate, play sports and all in real time through virtual means while deployed around the world. Years ago these actions from streaming, meetings and letters took days to weeks. But now from real times to only seconds of delay these actions are conducted by the U. S. Military and their personnel. Analysis Implementation Once leaders within the military understand the analysis and behavior of the Litany organization they can lay out plans. These plans are from the most basic to the most intrinsic mission plans. Housing soldiers is a common daily Job for leaders who receive new soldiers. As it is not a problem to understand to put men and women in separate quarters for basic reasons but how to bunk and room others can be a hassle. Even although they will do as told, how to make it better to keep moral? This will go first back to the different culture of individuals. Where are they from? Are they religious, and if so what religion? Are they a Gamer in today’s society? These all gust be looked and when housing soldiers. Next, what motivates the individual, while stated, soldiers will follow orders how to get it done, and the quickest and best way must be looked at. If a person likes attention, then maybe a basic citation or formal acknowledgement in front of others at times may be their motivation. But others may not like the public view, maybe they want time off. Maybe they Just want personal acknowledgement in a monthly or quarterly review between them and you the boss only. Each person must be looked at based on the analysis conducted for this motivation. Will it be difficult to get the individuals to work together? With all the analysis, culturing, many times there are internal problems that make individuals not work together. This is where the communication portion of the organization comes in. Will the individuals tell you the leader why they can’t? Will others tell on the two or three who may be causing the problem, but to fix the problem not to get into a he said she said argument breaking the group apart more? Only if communication was established and constantly ongoing can all of this and the above analysis be conducted to start. How to cite Organizational Behavior Analysis, Papers

Teen Pregnancyâ€A Social Issue free essay sample

After researching various statistics, I found that premarital pregnancy is quite prevalent in teenagers throughout the world. Teen pregnancy is one of the most difficult experiences a young person might ever face when it interrupts school or other plans. It can create an emotional crisis resulting in feelings of shame and fear, and it may appear that you will crumble under pressures in your environment. The stress of how one would break the news to their parents might be even greater, and finding help may seem an impossible task. People might think that they can help others, or one might be too embarrassed to search for help. For the most part, when one sees teenagers raising children, we often think that the teen has been raped or is too mature for their age. For this reason, some totally miss the issues that one must have been exposed to in their society, the society of their home, community, school. There are many viewpoints as to why teenage females are having so many children out of wedlock. However, the facts are obvious—teenaged females are highly influenced by many social issues, but those with the lack of strong parental guidance, sex education, and positive mass media are more likely to have a premarital pregnancy. As one travels the globe, they will find that industrialized and developing countries have distinctly different rates of teenage pregnancy. In the online article, â€Å"Teen Pregnancy on the Rise,† Sipokazi Maposa says that in developed countries, teenage pregnancies are associated with many social issues: lower educational levels, higher rates of poverty, and no strong parental guidance in the teenagers life. Maposa discusses the challenges which teens in Africa face as the teenage pregnancy rate increase. She contributes a wealth of information as to why teens have children at such a young age. Maposa suggests that the primary reason for teen pregnancy is the lack of communication between them and their parent(s). This is a useful source because it shows how teenage pregnancy is a more of a social issue than physical or emotional issue. Teens that have no strong father figure or parental guidance will be more likely to have children at an early age. The child provides posit ive regard (love), affection, and fulfills the social loss. Therefore, the article shows the effects that lack of parental guidance, sex education, and mass media has on teenage pregnancy, and how it relates teenage pregnancy to foster homes. Most people who are put into foster homes do not come from parents of strong guidance, because indeed they lost their children. An online report, â€Å"Fostering Hope: Preventing Teen Pregnancy among Foster Youth† examined how teenage pregnancy relates to foster care sates Love. The reports shows that foster youth that have lost their parents and end up in a foster home are less prone to having teenage pregnancies. Therefore, the correlation breaks because even though youth do not have their biological parents they still have some type of parental guidance. Consequently, most foster homes do have strong parental guidance, control over sex education, and negative mass media because there are so many restrictions as to what foster homes can and cannot perform by law. With this information, one would conclude that when someone is put into a foster home they turn out not to be pregnant at a one age. This is true according to a study performed to examine how common teenage pregnancy is among young women in and aging out of foster care and to determine whether the risk of becoming pregnant can be reduced by extending foster care beyond age 18. Amy Dworsky states that the study used data from the first two waves of the Midwest Evaluation of the Adult Functioning of Former Foster Youth, a longitudinal study of foster youth making the transition to adulthood in three Midwestern states, as well as the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Dworsky examined the relationship between care status and the risk of teenage pregnancy. Foster youth are more likely to experience teenage pregnancy than their peers in the general population, but staying in care seems to mitigate their risk of becoming pregnant even after the effects of other factors are taken into account. The findings of the study was to provide additional evidence of the need for a more concerted effort by child welfare agencies to help youth in foster homes avoid becoming pregnant. It would suggest that allowing young people to remain in foster care beyond age 18 may be one way to reduce teenage pregnancy among this population. Even the federal government has found teenage pregnancy to be a social issue in which lack of parental guidance, sex education, and positive media has been recognized. According to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), teenage pregnancy has been rising steadily from 1987 to 1991; the birthrate for teens aged 15-19 declined for 10 straight years, from a high of 62.1 per 1,000 teens aged 15-19 in 1991 to a record low of 45.9 in 2001, according to preliminary figures. The birthrate for young teenagers aged 15-17 fell 8 percent from 2000 to 2001, reaching 25.3 births per 1,000 teenagers. All 50 states had a decline in their teen birthrates between 1991 and 2000, with 10 states recording declines of more than 20 percent during this period. Recent declines in both birth and abortion rates indicate that teen pregnancy rates are continuing to fall. Overall teen pregnancy rates have dropped 19 percent since 1991. About 900,000 pregnancies occur each year among American teenagers aged 15-19. Most of these pregnancies are unintended. Almost 190,000 teens aged 17 and younger have children are not in school, have no parents around, and are overtaken by the imagery of mass media. After seeing those statistics, if makes one wonder if there are any more studies which will create a solution. President George Bush and the HHS sent researchers to Detroit, Michigan for a study to be conducted. They have found that the increase in teenage pregnancy has arisen out of social issues as well. The article â€Å"Teen Pregnancy† focuses on the potentials causes: society, individual families, and media. The article states how society has embraced teenage pregnancy in the United States. Society relates to our schools and media which have caused teen pregnancy to increase. Finally, the report presented solutions to the decrease teenage pregnancy: create pregnancy-prevention programs, public attention on interventions, and highlight the challenges of becoming a teenage parent. All of the solutions will be effective, encouraging, and empowering. â€Å"There are significantly more teenage pregnancies in the United States than all other developing countries,† state s Cleo Moore in the Complete and Authoritative Guide. He also claims that out of every five women in their teens, two will become pregnant in the United States. Teen pregnancy rates have increased 23% from 1972 to 1990. In order to come to a solution it is important to examine why teenage pregnancy is so high in the United States. When one analyzes teen pregnancy, an effective way to get to the root of the problem is using the critical component of the sociological imagination. Mass media is designed to reach large audiences with technology. Its purpose is meant to give us entertainment and information we need to act as a society. Media is everywhere; there is no escaping from it. Almost every home in America has at least one TV, the internet, and a cell phone. You cannot drive down the street without seeing billboard signs. Checking out at the grocery store can be tricky if trying to avoid magazines. There are more forms of media available today than ever before; consequently, teens are exposed to a lot of information. The media is supposed to portray what is normal; therefore, it affects what society considers normal. Teens are much more impressionable then adults. What the media tells them is normal affects them more. The media’s portrayal of body image affects teens negatively through using stereotypes, encouraging sexual behavior, and promoting unnecessary products. The media portrays single parent homes, teen pregnancy, and the social issue th at America faces in a positive light. Music Television (MTV) has several shows which portray teen pregnancy as a positive attribute of life: Teen Mom and 16 and Pregnant. Teen Mom is an American reality television series that premiered on MTV on December 8, 2009. The series is a spin-off of 16 and Pregnant and chronicles the lives of four of the original teenagers from that series as they navigate their first year of motherhood. In addition to showing the teenage motherhood, the show focuses on themes of changing relationships; specifically, those of the family, friends, couples, and school. It shows the struggles teenagers have to go through to raise their children. This show adds to the point that the media can display teenage pregnancy in a way that makes other teenagers want to become pregnant. Now people get pregnant because they have an excuse: I have social problem and now I can get pregnant. Richard Smith, a Washtenaw Community College student, states, â€Å"The American po pular culture glorifies sex and ignores responsibility. Beginning in early childhood, young people are bombarded with sexual messages. Especially from the world of media, the messages are subliminal.† The urge to have sex and get pregnancy is now stronger because of the fact that one has an encounter with media. Likewise, 16 and Pregnant is also a MTV reality television series produced by Morgan J. Freeman, and was first broadcast on June 11, 2009. It follows the stories of pregnant teenage girls in high school dealing with the hardships of teenage pregnancy. Each episode features a different teenage girl, with the episode typically beginning when she is 4 1?2–8 months into her pregnancy. Scott Brown, church member, discusses that although teenage pregnancy is not inevitable, some life circumstances place girls at higher risk of becoming teen mothers. These include poverty, poor school performance, and growing up in a single parent household. One can either have a mothe r who was an adolescent mother, or have no strong parental guidance with lack of sex education and positive media. There are teenagers who are getting pregnant just to be on these reality television shows, according to Rob Shuter. Shuter claims in an online article, â€Å"Teens Become Pregnant to get on Teen Mom,† that teenagers are getting pregnant just to get an audition on the reality television shows. Now teenagers, of course, get pregnant for many reasons, but most teens that get pregnant come from broken homes and have no strong parental guidance. The web article â€Å"Teen Help† states that despite declines in rates of teen pregnancy in the United States, about 820,000 teens become pregnant each year. That means that 34 percent of teenagers have at least one pregnancy before they turn 20. Teen Help declares that 79 percent of the teenagers who get pregnant are unmarried. According to the National Vital Statistics Reports, there is a connection with the pregnancy and divorce rates in America. This is quite interesting because many do not associate divorce with pregnancy as they think that there is no longer a sexual urge with the individuals. Divorce does not only affect the adults, but the children as well. Therefore, those children can lose the parental guidance needed to keep them from immoral ideals such as premarital sex and pregnancy. According to the article Lack of Parental Guidance Contributes to Teen Pregnancy, many pregnant teenagers do not have any cognition of the central facts of sexuality. This means that the teenagers have no idea what they are doing. This points back at the parents, because even though children get sex education in elementary, they do not get the â€Å"real† information until their parents have talked to them. The Lack of Parental Guidance Contributes to Teen Pregnancy, states that most people evade their children from talking about sex. In some cases, they provide false information regarding sex and discourage their children to participate in any informative discussion about sex. In some cases, teenage mothers are not well educated about sex before getting pregnant and thus this leads to lack of communication between the parents and the children. Steven Black, child of teenage parent states, â€Å"I think the lack of parental guidance is a strong influence on teenage pregnancy. The fact remains that more teenagers/adolescents are having babies, and the teenager would not see the problem with sex at a young age since their parents had sex at a young age.† Emily, a college student at Eastern Michigan University claims that she was pressured into having sex with her boyfriend when she was thirteen, but neither of her parents had taught her how to deal with this pressure and to say no . The lack of communication, supervision, and guidance is the main result of teenagers becoming pregnant in America. There are so many cases, such as Emily’s, where young girls have not been taught about self-respect and guided to say no to sex. There is still work to be done because the lack of education on safe sex, whether it’s from parents, schools, or otherwise, is not yet preventing teenage pregnancy. Many teenagers are not taught about methods of birth control and how to deal with peers who pressure them into having sex before they are ready. Some teens have said to be pressured into having sex with their boyfriend when the teen was young and yet no one had taught these teens how to deal with this pressure or to say no. According to an online new article, â€Å"Sex Education the Works† educating teenagers about their sexual behavior and activity create skills helps to inform them about acting on these choices. When providing sex education it can seem daunting because it means tackling a sensitive issue and involves a variety of people a parents, schools, community groups and health service providers. However, because sex education comprises many individual activities, which take place across a wide rang e of settings and periods of time, there are lots of opportunities to contribute. Nevertheless, it is often argued that teenage pregnancy has multiple results as to why it is more prevalent. In some societies, early marriage and traditional gender roles are important factors in the rate of teenage pregnancy. For example, in some sub-Saharan African countries, early pregnancy is often seen as a blessing because it is proof of the young womans fertility. In the Indian subcontinent, early marriage and pregnancy is more common in traditional rural communities compared to the rate in cities. The various areas have created an educational plan for their youth, and it has helped dramatically. Now, there are those who say that society can be blamed for many things, but teenage pregnancy is not one. Most people blame the individual teenagers for creating this epidemic across the world. There have always been parents who have not been strong figures in their child’s lives, but the child never had a teenage pregnancy. Sex education can only teach a person so much, but if one does not inhabit what they have been taught, then they really have not learned anything at all. Finally, the mass media says to do many things and portrays many negative and immoral activities, but teenagers, like any other age group, have to decide what is right and wrong. Christ Lewis, student at Washtenaw Community College and child of a teenage mother states that society can deal you a bad hand of cards, but it’s how you response to what you do with what you have been given. Schoffner claims, â€Å"Many issues through society will come forth, but you have to know how to handle it.† Of course, society has created a world for humans to fail and do wrong, but in the end the decision is up to the individual. When one looks at teenage pregnancy, especially in America, they see a high rate of pregnancies. It would make a person wonder, â€Å"Why is pregnancy prevalent in teenagers?† The answer is quite simply, yet interesting†¦teenagers who do not have strong parental guidance, sex education, and positive media reinforcement are more prone to a premarital pregnancy. Imagine a young girl, who’s in school, makes honor roll, helps her community, and is just an all-around good person. However, she has never had strong, consistent parental guidance in her life. She has never been taught about birth control, and the how to deal with peer pressure. She has the media pressuring her every day. Last week she was pressured into having sex with a guy that was cool and popular in their school, and just a few days ago she found out that she was pregnant. Now she has to go tell her parents (who have never cared before) about the news. This news is shocking, but happens every day in Am erica and throughout the world. People can blame the teenagers who get pregnant, but our society is the blame! The lack of parental guidance, sex education, and positivity media on the outlook of pregnancy has impacted the high rates of teen pregnancy across the world. Teen pregnancy is one of the most difficult experiences a young person might ever face when it interrupts school or other plans. For the most part, when one sees teenagers raising children, we often think that the teen has been raped or is more mature for their age. For this reason, some totally miss these social issues in which all have great impact on the teenagers decision on getting pregnant or not. There are many viewpoints as to why teenage females are becoming pregnant at such a young age. However, the information is apparent—teenaged females who lack of strong parental guidance, sex education, and positive mass media are more likely to have a premarital pregnancy.

The Great Depression Was The Worst Economic Slump Ever In U.S. Essays

The Great Depression was the worst economic slump ever in U.S. history, and one which spread to virtually all of the industrialized world. The depression began in late 1929 and lasted for about a decade. Many factors played a role in bringing about the depression; however, the main cause for the Great Depression was the combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth throughout the 1920's, and the extensive stock market speculation that took place during the latter part that same decade. The maldistribution of wealth in the 1920's existed on many levels. Money was distributed disparately between the rich and the middle-class, between industry and agriculture within the United States, and between the U.S. and Europe. This imbalance of wealth created an unstable economy. The excessive speculation in the late 1920's kept the stock market artificially high, but eventually lead to large market crashes. These market crashes, combined with the maldistribution of wealth, caused the American economy to capsize. The "roaring twenties" was an era when our country prospered tremendously. The nation's total realized income rose from $74.3 billion in 1923 to $89 billion in 1929(end note 1). However, the rewards of the "Coolidge Prosperity" of the 1920's were not shared evenly among all Americans. According to a study done by the Brookings Institute, in 1929 the top 0.1% of Americans had a combined income equal to the bottom 42%(end note 2). That same top 0.1% of Americans in 1929 controlled 34% of all savings, while 80% of Americans had no savings at all(end note 3). Automotive industry mogul Henry Ford provides a striking example of the unequal distribution of wealth between the rich and the middle-class. Henry Ford reported a personal income of $14 million(end note 4) in the same year that the average personal income was $750(end note 5). By present day standards, where the average yearly income in the U.S. is around $18,500(end note 6), Mr. Ford would be earning over $345 million a year! This maldistribution of income between the rich and the middle class grew throughout the 1920's. While the disposable income per capita rose 9% from 1920 to 1929, those with income within the top 1% enjoyed a stupendous 75% increase in per capita disposable income(end note 7). A major reason for this large and growing gap between the rich and the working-class people was the increased manufacturing output throughout this period. From 1923-1929 the average output per worker increased 32% in manufacturing(end note 8). During that same period of time average wages for manufacturing jobs increased only 8%(end note 9). Thus wages increased at a rate one fourth as fast as productivity increased. As production costs fell quickly, wages rose slowly, and prices remained constant, the bulk benefit of the increased productivity went into corporate profits. In fact, from 1923-1929 corporate profits rose 62% and dividends rose 65%(end note 10). The federal government also contributed to the growing gap between the rich and middle-class. Calvin Coolidge's administration (and the conservative-controlled government) favored business, and as a result the wealthy who invested in these businesses. An example of legislation to this purpose is the Revenue Act of 1926, signed by President Coolidge on February 26, 1926, which reduced federal income and inheritance taxes dramatically(end note 11). Andrew Mellon, Coolidge's Secretary of the Treasury, was the main force behind these and other tax cuts throughout the 1920's. In effect, he was able to lower federal taxes such that a man with a million-dollar annual income had his federal taxes reduced from $600,000 to $200,000(end note 12). Even the Supreme Court played a role in expanding the gap between the socioeconomic classes. In the 1923 case Adkins v. Children's Hospital, the Supreme Court ruled minimum-wage legislation unconstitutional(end note 13). The large and growing disparity of wealth between the well-to-do and the middle-income citizens made the U.S. economy unstable. For an economy to function properly, total demand must equal total supply. In an economy with such disparate distribution of income it is not assured that demand will always equal supply. Essentially what happened in the 1920's was that there was an oversupply of goods. It was not that the surplus products of industrialized society were not wanted, but rather that those whose needs were not satiated could not afford more, whereas the wealthy were satiated by spending only a small portion of their income. A 1932 article in Current History articulates the problems of this maldistribution of wealth: "We still pray to be given each day our daily bread. Yet there is too much bread, too much wheat and corn, meat and oil and almost every other commodity required by

Canteen Services Essays

Canteen Services Essays Canteen Services Essay Canteen Services Essay The issue is as to the status of an employee of Unit Run Canteen in Armed Forces. 3. Appellant Shri R. R. Pillai was recruited as Airman in the Indian Air force on 7. 10. 1967 and was discharged from service on 31. 10. 1988 as Junior Warrant Officer as he sought for premature retirement from service. Before his discharge he had been looking after the affairs of the Unit-Run-Canteen (in short the `URC). After discharge he was engaged as Manager of URC at Southern Air Command on an honorarium of Rs. ,000/-P. M. w. e. f 1. 2. 1989. Para 6 of the appointment letter clearly stated that the appointment was governed by the terms and conditions as laid down in Air HQ letter No. 20728/P/Org dated 31st January, 1984 issued under the relevant Regulations. The terms and conditions of service of canteen employees are covered by the rules called The Rules regulating the Terms and Conditions of Service of Civilian Employees of Air Force Unit Run Canteen paid out of Non Publi c Funds. 4. According to the appellant the view taken in Mohd Aslams case (supra) is the correct view, it is stated that even if Canteen Store Department (in short the `CSD) was not the source of funding, other parameters clearly cover the employees in question of Government service. 5. Reference is made to certain decisions to support the stand, e. g. , Kona Prabhakara Rao v. M. Seshagiri Rao and Anr. (1982 (1) SCC 442 (para 9) and Satrucharla Chandrasekhar Raju v. Vyricherla Pradeep Kumar Dev and Anr. (1992 (4) SCC 404 at 412). Even if full funding is not there partial funding by quality discount is there which is the test for determining as to which employee is a government servant. Reference is also made to certain subsequent decisions in which Aslams case (supra) has been referred to. It is pointed out that on the date the OAs were decided, Aslams case (supra) was applicable and therefore de facto doctrine would apply. In any event, it is stated that Rule 24 cannot take out the benefits in the manner done. The High Court had not considered the challenge to Rule 24. It is pointed out that the decision which has been given can only be re-considered for compelling reasons and the view taken in Aslams case (supra) is a possible view. In any event, the appointing body is an instrumentality of State and, therefore, Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution of India, 1950 (in short the `Constitution) are applicable. With reference to Section 23 of the Indian Contract Act, 1923 (in short the `Contract Act) it is stated that Section 23 of the Contract Act clearly prohibits the appointments in the manner done. 6. Learned counsel for the Union on the other hand submitted that Aslams case (supra) proceeded on erroneous factual basis. It proceeded on the basis as if the canteen or the establishment in question was funded by the CSD. The issue is not whether it is an instrumentality of the State. Issue is whether the concerned employees are government employees. It is submitted that Union of India and Anr. v. Chote Lal (1999 (1) SCC 554) clearly applies to the facts of the case. 7. It is submitted that unit run canteen is amenable to Shops and Commercial Establishments Statutes because the appointment cannot be made dehors the Rules. There is no prescribed qualification or age limit. Similarly there is no grade or cadre. Therefore, it cannot be said that the concerned employees are holders of civil posts. 8. In the case of Aslams case (supra) a Bench of this court proceeded on incorrect factual premises inasmuch as after noticing that the URCs are not funded from the Consolidated Fund of India, it went wrong in concluding that the URCs are funded by CSD as well as the articles were supplied by the CSD. Unfortunately, it did not notice that no such funding is made by the CSD. Further, only refundable loans can be granted by the CSD to URCs at the rate of interest laid down by it from time to time upon the application of URCs seeking financial assistance. URCs can also take from other Non- Public Funds. Further observation regarding supply is also not correct. URCs, in fact, purchase articles from CSD depots and it is not an automatic supply and relation between URCs and CSDs is that of buyer and seller and not of principal and the agent. This Court further went wrong in holding that URCs are parts of CSDs when it has been clearly stated that URCs are purely private ventures and their employees are by no stretch of imagination employees of the Government or CSD. Additionally, in Aslams case (supra) reference was made to Chandra Raha and Ors. V. Life Insurance Corporation of India (1995 Supp (2) SCC 611). The Bench hearing the matter unfortunately did not notice that there was no statutory obligation on the part of the Central Government to provide canteen services to its employees. The profits generated from the URCs are not credited to the Consolidated Funds, but are distributed to the Non Public Funds which are used by the units for the welfare of the troops. As per para 1454 of the Regulations for the Air Force, 1964 the losses incurred by the non public funds are not to be borne by the State. 9. The factors highlighted to distinguish Chotelals case (supra) in our considered opinion are without any material. There was no scope for making any distinction factually between Aslams case (supra) and Chotelelals case (supra). In our view, therefore, Aslams case (supra) was not correctly decided. 10. The question whether the URC can be treated as an instrumentality of the State does not fall for consideration as that aspect has not been considered by CAT or the High Court. Apparently, on that score alone we could have dismissed the appeal. But we find that the High Court placed reliance on Rule 24 to deny the effect of the appointment. From Rule 4 read with Rule 2 it is clear classification that all employees are first on probation and they shall be treated as temporary employees. After completion of five years they might be declared as permanent employees. They do not get the status of the Government employees at any stage. In Aslams case (supra) CATs order was passed in 1995. By that time 1999 Rules were not in existence and 1984 rules were operative. 11. It is to be noted that financial assistance is given, but interest and penal interest are charged. The URCs can also borrow from financial institutions. The reference is answered by holding that employees of URCs are not government servants. 12. The High Court has come to an abrupt conclusion about validity of Rule 24, distinguishing the decision of this Court in Delhi Transport Corporation v. D. T. C. Mazdoor Congress and others (AIR 1991 SC 101). Present appellant had questioned validity of Rule 24. High Court should have considered that challenge in the proper perspective. But it is not necessary to examine that question as the original employee R. R. Pillai has already expired. But, in the peculiar facts of the case we direct that a sum of Rs. 2 lakhs be paid to his legal representatives within a period of three months in full and final settlement of all his claims. 13. The applications for intervention are dismissed. 14. This order shall operate in respect of the appeal filed by the deceased through his legal heirs and other appeals by the Union of India. 15. The appeals are disposed of accordingly.

How to Conjugate the Verb Vedere in Italian

How to Conjugate the Verb Vedere in Italian Vedere Can Be Defined As To seeTo look atTo meetTo visitTo consultTo go overTo checkTo find outTo grasp What to Know About â€Å" Vedere† It’s an irregular verb, so it doesn’t follow the typical -ere verb ending pattern.It’s a transitive verb, so it takes a direct object.The infinito is â€Å"vedere.†The participio passato is â€Å"visto.†The gerund form is â€Å"vedendo.†The past gerund form is â€Å"avendo visto.† Indicativo/Indicative Il presente io vedo noi vediamo tu vedi voi vedete lui, lei, Lei vede essi, Loro vedono Ad esempio: Ti vedo bene. - You look good.Dalla sua finestra si vede il mare. - From her window you can see the sea. Il passato prossimo io ho visto noi abbiamo visto tu hai visto voi avete visto lui, lei, Lei, ha visto essi, Loro hanno visto Ad esempio: Ho visto Giulia al bar. - I saw Giulia at the cafe.Questo film l’abbiamo gi visto. - We have already seen this movie. L’imperfetto io vedevo noi vedevamo tu vedevi voi vedevate lui, lei, Lei vedeva essi, Loro vedevano Ad esempio: Lui vedeva il mondo come un posto magico. - He saw the world as a magical place.Col sole in faccia non vedevo niente. - With the sun in my face I couldn’t see anything. Il trapassato prossimo io avevo visto noi avevamo visto tu avevi visto voi avevate visto lui, lei, Lei aveva visto essi, Loro avevano visto Ad esempio: Non avevo mai visto uno struzzo prima d’ora. - I had never seen an ostrich before now.Vi avevo visti insieme in piazza. - I had seen you together in the middle of the square. Il passato remoto io vidi noi vedemmo tu vedesti voi vedeste lui, lei, Lei vide essi, Loro videro Ad esempio: La vide e si innamorà ² subito, era un colpo di fulmine! - He saw her and fell in love right away, it was love at first sight!Quel Natale i bambini videro per la prima volta Babbo Natale! - On that Christmas, the children saw Santa Claus for the first time! Il trapassato remoto io ebbi visto noi avemmo visto tu avesti visto voi aveste visto lui, lei, Lei ebbe visto essi, Loro ebbero visto TIP: This tense is rarely used, so don’t worry too much about mastering it. You’ll find it in very sophisticated writing. Il futuro semplice io vedr noi vedremo tu vedrai voi vedrete lui, lei, Lei vedr essi, Loro vedranno Ad esempio: Chi vivr, vedr. - Who will live, will see. (Figuratively: time will tell) Il futuro anteriore io avr visto noi avremo visto tu avrai visto voi avrete visto lui, lei, Lei avr visto essi, Loro avranno visto Ad esempio: Mi avrai visto nella zona. - You must have seen me around the neighborhood. Congiuntivo/Subjunctive Il presente che io veda che noi vediamo che tu veda che voi vediate che lui, lei, Lei veda che essi, Loro vedano Ad esempio: È importante che non ci veda insieme. - It’s important that she doesn’t see us together.Assicurati che vedano bene! - Make sure they can see clearly! Il passato io abbia visto noi abbiamo visto tu abbia visto voi abbiate visto lui, lei, egli abbia visto essi, Loro abbiano visto Ad esempio: Sembra che tu abbia visto una fantasma. - It seems like you saw a ghost. L’imperfetto io vedessi noi vedessimo tu vedessi voi vedeste lui, lei, egli vedesse essi, Loro vedessero Ad esempio: Vorrei che tu vedessi questo panorama. - I wish that you could see this view.Se i nonni vedessero come sei cresciuto! - If grandpas could see how grown up you are! Il trapassato prossimo io avessi visto noi avessimo visto tu avessi visto voi aveste visto lui, lei, Lei avesse visto essi, Loro avessero visto Ad esempio: Se ti avessi visto, sarei rimasto. - If I had seen you, I would have stayed.Se avessi visto il cartello non mi saresti venuto addosso! - If you had seen the sign you wouldn’t have crushed into me! Condizionale/Conditional Il presente io vedrei noi vedremmo tu vedresti voi vedreste lui, lei, Lei vedrebbe essi, Loro vedrebbero Ad esempio: Se ti desseha dato una possibilit, vedrebbe che sei un uomo fantastico. - If she gave you a chance, she would see that you’re a fantastic guy. Il passato io avrei visto noi avremmo visto tu avresti visto voi avreste visto lui, lei, egli avrebbe visto essi, Loro avrebbero visto Ad esempio: Ti ho detto che l’avrei visto. - I told you that I would see him.Se foste venuti avreste visto uno spettacolo indimenticabile! - If you came you would have seen an unforgettable show!

The Effect of Light Intensity on the Abundance of White Clover Coursework

The Effect of Light Intensity on the Abundance of White Clover - Coursework Example The intention of this study is white clover (Trifolium repens) - a perennial, low growing plant with trifoliate leafs consisting of three oval shaped leaflets, normally found in grasslands. It is very common, and is prevalent in lawns and pasture. It is often considered a weed, and as such there are many commercially available options for controlling it, such as the use of weed killers. However, one problem with controlling the growth of clover in this way is that it also has effects on any other plants that are growing in the same area, which may be undesirable. The role of white clover is not always a negative one. It is an important species in much of the world as a consequence of its ability to grow alongside grass, producing pastures in which both species are present. It has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, which enhances the growth of the grass species. White clover is often used to suppress the growth of weeds while allowing the growth of desired crops such as mustard. As a consequence, the factors which control the growth of clover are important to understand, whether the desire is to enhance or repress the growth of the species. One important factor in the growth of any species is the availability of light. Plants produce nutrients for growth and reproduction through the process of photosynthesis. This process occurs within chloroplasts which are present in plant cells, but not in animal cells. . The amount of sunlight required for the maximum level of growth and reproduction differs between species of plants. This can be illustrated by the concept of ecological succession. Here, a community progresses from one form into one that is different in both structure and composition over a significant period of time. Succession occurs either through creating a community in a new unoccupied habitat, or following a disturbance. In both cases the first step is the recruitment of plants that thrive under high light conditions. These are often called the p ioneer species, and are often grass-like species. Pioneer species are generally intolerant of shade and are eventually outcompeted by species that are more shade-tolerant, i.e. require less light in order to grow . As a consequence the presence of clover inhibits the growth of some species which require high levels of light, and facilitates the growth of haters that are tolerant of shade. It is likely that the same applies of clover itself. White clover has been shown to respond differently to the quality of light that it was grown under in the laboratory , so it is likely the amount of light would have some effect on white clover growth in the natural environment. The aim of this study was to use a naturally varying range of light to determine whether the amount of light available had any effect on the abundance of white clover. Plan Hypothesis: There will be a significantly positive relationship between available light and the abundance of white clover. This is because of the incr eased amount of light that is available to the clover as it emerges from the tree canopy allows for increased growth and hence increased abundance, while under the canopy the lack of light decreases

F1 case Studay answering some questions using some markiting Assignment - 1

F1 case Studay answering some questions using some markiting methodology - Assignment Example All Ferrari cars are red in colour representing Italy’s national colour. The factory at Maranello is a state of the art infrastructure and is an up-to-date facility. Ferrari cars have always been low on displaying their sponsors logo and names. Being one of the oldest companies in the business Ferrari has had its share of ups and downs. The journey has not been a smooth one for Ferrari. New Zealander Bruce McLaren, who was a F1 driver himself, founded by McLaren in 1966. McLaren registered its first victory in 1968 but the true dominance of McLaren was in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The domination was such that McLaren won 15 out of the 16 races in a year in the period. Williams was founded by Frank Williams and again Frank too was a driver. Williams lead the technological development in F1 that was triggered in the early 1990s. William dominated F1 from 1992 – 1994. 1975 – 1978 was a great time for Ferrari as it dominated F1. Ferrari bagged both drivers and constructors world championship in 1975 and followed it up with the constructors championship in 1976. The tragic accident of Lauda which kept him away from action for nearly 6 weeks was the reason that Ferrari could not get the drivers’ championship in 1976. Ferrari won both drivers and constructors championship in 1977, and the drivers’ championship in 1978. During this period Ferrari made few changes to its structure. Montezemolo was promoted to head the entire motorsport operations of Fiat, while Danielle Audetto was made Ferrari’s sporting Director. The strategy here was to replicate the success of Ferrari with Fiat. This strategy backfired as Audetto was not able to fill in the shoes of Montezemolo. He failed to develop a strong relationship with the lead driver and the design team. This eventually led to Lauda moving out of Ferrari. Also during this time, Ferrari became complacent and adopted a short-termed focused strategy wherein it tried to develop their

Tools and Decision Making for Ongoing Performance Essay Example for Free

Tools and Decision Making for Ongoing Performance Essay In this presentation, Learning team B will discuss common problems encountered in the hospital, ways in which decisions are made dealing with risk and quality management issues. We will provide a scenario and give our advice on how to decrease the transmission of hospital acquired infections. Then we will discuss challenges the team faced while completing this assignment. Encountered problems with Hospital Decision Making (Felicia) Acquired Information for Decision Making (Felicia) Common Decision Making Tools (Felicia)Â  Challenges that may be encountered in risk and quality management (Mom) Waiting until the last minute and then not having enough time to make an informed decision is not only a risk in any organization; it is a quality issue also. When individuals are rushed they tend to make mistakes or overlook important information that may be needed to make decisions. If one misses important information the quality of service may be affected. Not using a well thought out method to when decision making may lead to the wrong action or measure being taken. For example, if a nurse has a patient with a pressure ulcer and the nurse has no guideline or routine that is enforced for this type of pressure ulcer then the treatment that the nurse gives may not be the best for the patient. When one makes a decision one must use the information available to make the best possible decision for the best outcome. If the information available is not accurate then the wrong decision could be made. This is not only a risk but it may decrease the quality of the organization as well. Strategies that should be adapted to improve ongoing performance (Sonya) One can measure the quality of health care by observing its structure, processes, and outcomes. Structure measures assess the accessibility, availability, and quality of resources, such as health insurance, bed capacity of a hospital, and number of nurses with advanced training. Process measures assess the delivery of health care services by clinicians and providers, such as using guidelines for care of diabetic patients. Outcome measures indicate the final result of health care and can be influenced by environmental and behavioral factors. Examples include mortality, patient satisfaction, and improved health status. Decision making process tools (Mar) FMEA- A step-by-step approach for identifying all possible failures in a product or service. Best used to take actions to eliminate or reduce failures. Flow Chart- A picture of separate steps of a process in sequential order. This is used to study a process for improvement. To communicate to others how a process is done. Cause–and-effect diagram- A tool that helps identify, sort, and display possible causes of a specific problem or quality characteristic. It graphically illustrates the relationship between a given outcome and all factors that influence the outcome. Helps determine the root causes of a problem or quality characteristic using a structured approach. Increases knowledge of the process by helping everyone to learn more about the factors at work and how they relate. Check sheet- A structured, prepared form for collecting and analyzing data. A generic tool that can be adapted for a wide variety of purposes. When collecting data on the frequency or patterns of events, problems, defects, defect location, defect causes, etc. Control chart- A graph used to study how processes change over time. When determining whether your quality improvement project should aim to prevent specific problems or to make fundamental changes to the process. Histogram: Most commonly used graph to show frequency distributions. Frequency distributions show how often each different value in a set data occurs. When analyzing whether a process can meet the customers requirements. When seeing whether a process change has occurred from one time period to another. When you wish to communicate the distribution of data quickly and easily to others. Pareto chart: A bar graph. The lengths of the bars represent frequency or cost (time or money) and are arranged with longest bars on the left and shortest on the right. The chart visually depicts which situations are more significant. When there are many problems or causes and you want to focus on the most significant. Analyzing broad causes by looking at their specific components. Run chart: Display process performance over time. Detect special causes of variations. * Scatter diagram: Graphs pairs of numerical data with one variable on each axis, to look for a relationship between them. If the variables are correlated, the points will fall along a line or curve. The better the correlation the tighter the points will hug the line. When numerical data is paired. When your dependent variable may have multiple values for each value of your independent variable. When trying to figure out whether two variables are related. Scenario (Sonya) ABC organization has noticed an increase in patients who have acquired infections while receiving care and service. In fact, there seems to be so many different types of infections that the organization does not know where to start. With your guidance, the organization will be able to identify infections and the number of infections per category throughout the facility to determine the vital few and focus their efforts on the few areas that will bring about the greatest return on investment of time and effort. The organization needs to identify which infections affect the most patients. Information needed (mom) This is a check sheet that shows what information is needed to identify the types of infections that are being acquired in the hospital. One the infection is identified then one must find the prevalence of the infection. Who is being infected, how are they being infected, how to treat the infection and so on and so forth. This check sheet will let the hospital know all the information needed to decrease the rate of infections. Why the process (MAR) The check sheet is one of the tools of choice because it enables the hospital to find out which patients are affected, when and where the infection may be coming from and other information needed to stop the spread of infection. A cause-and-effect diagram was chosen because it shows the cause of infections so that we can come up with a plan and enforce current plans to decrease the likely hood that the infection will occur. The Pareto Chart gives the hospital a way to tract the infection and how much the infections will cost the hospital. Decision (Mom) The reason that we have chosen each process is because these processes give the hospital a way to identify the types of infection and the ways in which the infections are being transported to the patients. They will identify which units are having the most infection rates so that we will know who needs reinforcement with infection control. This will track what infections are occurring so that infection control policies can be updated in a timely fashion to help minimize infection occurrence. Changes (MAR) Changes of the results that we are finding include but are not limited to the decrease of nosocomial infections. They will make the staff more aware of infection control. This will also give the hospital ample opportunity to retrain staff that are not up to par or are noncompliant with infection control policies. Explanation (Mom) Quality of service is a major issue in health care. The plans that are in place are meant to identify infections. Identify units that are most affected. The patients are our main priority. This will tell us what type of patients are more likely to get the infection. We want to decrease the number of infections that occur by reinforcing the infection control policies. This will increase patient safety and patient satisfaction which will save the hospital money in the long run. Challenges (Mar)Â  The challenges that our team faced while completing the assignment were time restraints. We all have different schedules and time availability. We have learned to adapt so that the assignment is completed in a timely fashion. We also realized that we need to communicate precisely what each of our parts in assignment should be. The most important thing that we found challenging was interpreting what exactly the assignment requirements were. We will be sure to make sure we ask questions if we need clarification in the future.

Creating Sympathy for The Great Gatsby Essay examples -- F. Scott Fitzg

Creating Sympathy for The Great Gatsby      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the text, The Great Gatsby, the author, F. Scott Fitzgerald leads us to sympathize with the central character of the text, Jay Gatsby. Fitzgerald evokes our sympathy using non-linear narrative and extended flashbacks as well as imagery, characterization and theme. Through these mediums, Fitzgerald is able to reveal Gatsby as a character who is in an unrelenting pursuit of an unattainable dream. While narrative and imagery reveal him to be a mysterious character, Gatsby's flaw is his ultimate dream which makes him a tragic figure and one with which we sympathize.    In the opening pages of the text, we are introduced to the main characters through the believable and trustworthy narrative of Nick Carraway. We discover that Nick is a moral character who is disenchanted with society after returning from the East. Throughout the text, Fitzgerald uses Nick's narrative to guide our response to the central character of the text, Gatsby, whom Nick states, "represents everything for which I have unaffected scorn." Nick's narrative also reveals the weak and shallow characters of Tom and Daisy. Nick's ability to recognise this emptiness and compare it with Gatsby through imagery shows the effectiveness of Nick's narrative. The strong image of Gatsby reaching out toward the green light can be juxtaposed to Tom and Daisy whom Nick describes as being "careless people." Nick's references to Daisy's voice and his attraction to her voice as "glowing and singing", emphasises that we can trust him as a narrator as he too is vulnerable to temptation and worldly beauty. This concept of Nick being a character that is "within and without" leads us to trust him as he does... ...athy by depicting Gatsby as isolated and betrayed by a society that is shallow and incapable of morality. Throughout the text, Fitzgerald uses the mentioned mediums to effectively evoke our sympathy toward the central character in the text, Gatsby.    Works Cited and Consulted: Berman, Ronald. "The Great Gatsby" and Fitzgerald's World of Ideas. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 1997. Chambers, John B. The Novels of F. Scott Fitzgerald. London: Macmillan/New York: St Martin's P, 1989.   deKoster, Katie, ed. Readings on "The Great Gatsby." San Diego: Greenhaven, 1998.   Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004. Higgins, John A. F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Study of the Stories. New York: St. John's UP, 1971. Whitley, John S.   F. Scott Fitzgerald: "The Great Gatsby." London: Edward Arnold, 1976.   

Rogerian Argument Drilling in ANWR

However, drilling in this land also brings the possibility of destroying the habitat of birds that migrate to this area yearly, caribou that use this haven as a calving ground, fish that fill the rivers and lakes, as well as grizzly bears, wolves, elk and hundreds of other species that depend on this habitat for food, shelter and safety. There is no debate that there are passionate debates, important facts and amazing possibilities that concern both sides of this argument. And even If it were possible to remove political agenda from the table, It would still be a very difficult debate to win for either side.My hopes are to come to a conclusion that would benefit both parties Involved. I strongly feel that any drilling In this area would be detrimental to the surrounding area, as well as bring possible harm to the countless animals, birds and fish that use this safe haven yearly for migration, calving and egg laying and feeding. The decision to either drill or not to drill may not hav e a direct impact on us now, but in the years to come, good or bad, we will all see the changes that this decision will have resulted in.There are many others, like you, that believe that drilling in INWARD is the perfect elution to our current economic situation. The possibilities of new Jobs and freedom from purchasing oil from unstable and hostile countries Is tempting and seems like a wonderful alternative to our current circumstances. Eve read reports that state that we could create up to 736,000 new Jobs. The assessment of these numbers was broken down Into Jobs such as manufacturing, milling, trade, services and construction.In addition the plethora of new employment opportunities there are reports that show that drilling in INWARD could produce up to 1,000,000 barrels of oil a day. These same reports claim that producing such a large amount of oil each day would replace the oil that we purchase from Saudi Arabia, which in turn would put about $50,000,000 back into the united States Economy. There are many believable reports that technology has far advanced itself in relation to the process of drilling oil and that the new equipment and processes for obtaining the oil from underground would be incredibly safe and urn-invasive to the surrounding area.In addition, I understand that the size of the area that is being considered for drilling Is about the size of the state of South Carolina and that the land Is barren, windswept and that this particular area Is desolate of any wildlife or vegetation. The Alaskan National seems like a good idea. In fact, I think it's quite tempting to dream of one day not to reduce the U. S. Federal deficit and at the same time boosting the local economy and putting American's back to work. I can see the benefits to drilling in this land if the results would be as extensive as they appear to be in these reports.Of course for every report that lists the benefits of drilling, there is another that refutes it. In doing my resear ch I actually switched positions from being pro-drilling to anti- drilling. I realized that although the process of drilling in recent years has become a much safer method for both the driller and the surrounding area, there were still too many possibilities of problems for the wildlife and vegetation that call the area home. Take for example the event that occurred in 1989.The Interior Department's stamp of approval for drilling in this oil rich land became a catalyst for a movement among the Senate drill. On March 24, 1989, Just days after the report from the Interior Department, the Exxon Valued spill occurred dumping 11 million gallons of crude oil over thousands of miles of California coastline. According to the National Wildlife Federation, a very reputable source, marine life still hasn't completely recovered from this monstrous oil spill. At the time of the spill it was discovered that thousands of birds had died of hypothermia due to the coat of oil covering their feathers. Sea turtles were stranded in oily waters, including the endangered Kemps riddle sea turtles. Whales and fish were killed and the ones that survived had ingested the oil which is known to cause ulcers and even internal bleeding. Research shows that the effects of the oil can even affect the offspring of these marine animals. Dolphins were studied for years and had shown to be very ill. In addition the marine animals, the coral and reefs were also affected by the oil. Many of these amazing formations were shown to be dying or dead.The loss of these underwater habitats caused many surviving marine animals to be homeless which leaves them open to predators. Another oil spill like this could be catastrophic to these marine animals as well as our gashing industries as well as our tourism. It would be awful to create thousands of jobs in order to drill oil and then cost thousands of others their Jobs because of an oil spill. I understand that this is Just a possibility, but I feel it is de finitely some to be considered when discussing the safety of drilling in INWARD.No one can promise that this won't happen again. I do realize that there are new ways to prevent a spill and to clean up a spill once it has happened. For example we now know oaf bacteria that have been found to eat the oil which is very promising, however, cleaning up an oil pill in Alaska can provide its own special challenges with the freezing weather and ice. Another important fact to consider when deciding to support drilling in INWARD is whether or not the benefits of drilling in this reserve would out way the cost.I wondered if there would be enough oil produced to actually realize the hope of becoming free from our dependence on the unstable oil producing countries that we rely on so heavily for fuel. There are many reputable sources including an article on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge US Fish and Wildlife Services website that claim hat we would not see any oil production for about 10 yea rs after drilling begins. There is no doubt that the land in this region of Alaska is filled with an abundance of oil. We've known about the existence of oil in this land for years.Exactly how much of an abundance, however, still remains to be seen. It is anyone's guess as to how much oil currently lies beneath the land. This is very contradictory to pro-drilling supporters of drilling in INWARD report that the oil companies are using a much safer method of drilling the oil at this time, there is not much information regarding the new technique that is being referred to. It is however hinted to be related to the underground oil pipes that have been built. It evens seems like the Alaskan residents are split on this issue. On one hand it would create Jobs and give a boost to the economy.On the other hand however there is the possibility of their main source of food, the fish and seals, may actually move father away in order to escape the pollutants and toxins in the air. Either way yo u look at the situation, there are pros and cons to drilling for oil in INWARD. The beautiful countryside is blossoming with hundreds upon hundreds of mammals such as the black grizzly, the caribou and he elk, migrating birds such as ducks, geese and quail and sea creatures galore versus the possibility of a robust economy, American Jobs and less dependency on other countries.They are both very important issues to consider and should not be taken lightly. This world is a precious gift that we leave for our children and it is our job to make sure that we protect the culture of Alaska, with respect to the innovations and possibilities of providing for our countries future as well. It may be time to turn our attention to a new source of energy. As technology advances, so does our awareness of the possibilities that await us. Maybe it is time to look ahead to advancements that could completely terminate our dependency on hostile, foreign countries for our fuel demands.I think that it wo uld be a great compromise to spend our time, resources and technology to develop a fuel source that we know we could depend on. The earth's oil sources will eventually run dry. There will come a point when we will have to look elsewhere to fuel our cars and to heat our homes. It's my opinion that we should begin looking for that next energy source now. There are many renewable resources such as wind, sun, water as well as one that is very citing. Celluloses ethanol is a source that has been used for a few years now.This is a renewable energy source that is derived from fermented corn. This particular type of energy can be used to fuel cars and eventually homes as well. There is still research to do and it would take a lot of changes to make this a reality such as remodeling our vehicles so that they would run off of this type of fuel. This is not something that could happen overnight, but it is something that could be accomplished within 10 years, which subsequently is the amount of time it would aka for the United States to even begin reaping the benefits of drilling in INWARD.

Reflection for “I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings”

Reflection for â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings† Abstract This essay consists of three sections. The first section, a brief synopsis of the book â€Å"I know why caged bird sings† is presented. At the second part, three insights after reading the book are introduced. That is, metaphor of caged bird, power of literacy, and power of silence. At the last section, discipline-specific knowledge that relevant to the main character of book is stated. Synopsis of the Text This autobiography is Maya Angelou’s coming of age story, and follows Marguerite’s (called â€Å"My’ or â€Å"Maya† by her brother) life from the age of three to seventeen.In this story, Angelou as the storyteller, tells the audience about her experiences as an African American girl living in the Southern United States and her struggles with racism and being raped at eight years old. The book reveals the process of how she overcomes these difficulties and transforms into a sel f-possessed, dignified young woman, capable of responding to prejudice. Her maturity is mainly gained by her grandmother, Momma, the power of literacy, and the love around her. The book starts with Marguerite at three years old.At three, she was sent to Stamps, Arkansas, with her older brother Bailey to live with her grandmother and crippled uncle. Momma owns a merchandise store in the Stamps, and her store is a center of the African American community. Church, school, and the store are main places that little Maya and her brother live around. They are acquainted with African American life in Stamps which is hopeful in the morning before they go to cut the cotton, then turns dissatisfied and disappointed in the evening when they return from the cotton field.  Read also Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder  (PTSD).Stamps is a place where the black world and white world is clearly distinctive. Segregation makes them feel fear and hatred towards the white people in Stamps. Maya and her b rother’s relatively peaceful lives are disturbed by their father’s appearance at Stamps. He takes them to St. Louis, Missouri, to live with their mother. Later, Maya was raped by her mother’s boyfriend. After her mother’s boyfriend’s death, Maya misconceives that her words lead him to his death, and then she refuses to speak.This make her mother feel helplessness, therefore she decides to send her children to Stamps again. In Stamps, Maya meets Mrs. Bertha Flowers, who supplies her with books to encourage her love of reading and helps her to break through her shell. Later, Momma decides to send her grandchildren to their mother in San Francisco, California, to protect them from the dangers of racism in Stamps. Before Maya graduates, she becomes first African American female streetcar conductor in San Francisco.During her final year of high school, she worries that she might be a lesbian and initiates sexual intercourse with a teenage boy. Later, sh e finds out that she is pregnant. Maya gives birth at the end of the book and begins her journey to adulthood by accepting her role as a mother. Insights You Obtained from Reading this Text Metaphor of Caged Bird In this text, the cage is used to imply many things. In young Maya’s eyes, being black is like living in a cage; she always imagines she could escape from her black skin.In addition, her uncle’s handicapped body is his own cage. African American laborers in the Stamps cotton field are also being caged, because they are repeatedly doing the same labor work day after day, but their life does not seem to change. It is still very tough; they are like the caged bird cannot go anywhere. When the â€Å"powhitetrash† girls ridicule Momma, Maya looks through the window and watches the whole process of Momma being ridiculed by these girls. She was angry and wanted to yell at them but she could not, like the caged bird.From reading this text, I could know the seve rer victimization from racism and the impacts of segregation on African American person’s life at that time. When Maya firstly comes across the white community in Stamps, she feels fear and perceives the white people there are un-human. Segregation produces misunderstanding between the two groups and escalates the conflict. Power of Literacy Maya is scared about the power of words after the death of Mr. Freeman, and refuses to speak. After she goes back to Stamps, Maya met Mrs. Flower, who encourages her reading of books.Books become a refuge in her bewildering childhood. Maya finds characters of a book to make sense of her bewildering world. She even uses books as a way of coping with her rape. From the literacy, Maya gets comfort; literacy expands her thought and enables her to think independently without considering the unwritten rules of society at that time. Literacy also enhances Maya’s ability of thinking; it lets her have better understanding of herself, elabor ates her thought, and makes her become a stronger person. In addition, literacy inspires her to think what true human dignity is.It is very lucky for Maya to find a way to coping, as McPherson says, â€Å"if there is one stable element in Angelou’s youth it is a dependence upon books. † (McPherson, 1990, pp. 215). I wonder what the most dignified characteristic of a human being is. The answer I found from this book is not the color of skin, socioeconomic status, or power; it is the self-determined ability to not allows others to decide the value of themselves, because everyone is equally dignified. Power of Silence Maya’s grandmother is a quite successful African American woman in the African American community in Stamps.However, Momma and Momma’s family frequently suffered from racist attacks. On one occasion, Momma is taunted by â€Å"powhithetrash† girls. Maya sees Momma through the window coping with ignorance while being dignified. When these girls go to leave, Momma says to them â€Å"Bye, Miz†. After seeing how Momma fights with racism, Maya realizes racism can be fought without impudence, but instead with dignity. On the another occasion, Momma hides Uncle Willies in a vegetable bin to protect him from Ku Klux Klan raiders, because at that time, it was hard for a black man get protection from the police.Momma chooses very realistic ways to protect her family and shows to little Maya what truth dignity is. Discipline-Specific Knowledge that You Think is Relevant to this Main Character If Maya is a client, what should a practitioner do with Maya? At first, the counselor needs to decide the time that Maya come to see him or her. Maya has come to see the counselor after she has been raped. As described in the book, after this incident, Maya refused to speak and closed herself to the outside world. Therefore, it can be assumed that this period is the first crisis in Maya’s life.At the beginning of the counsel ing session, establishing a good relationship is very important. Sexual abuse involves betrayal of the child’s trust. The effect of such behavior makes a child who survives sexual abuse feel that it is difficult for them to trust others. Therefore, the counselor needs to make a tremendous effort to build a good rapport with Maya. We can utilize the things that Maya likes in the beginning of the session. As known from the text, Mrs. Bertha Flowers introduces books to Maya and encourage her love of reading books.Therefore, we can talk about characters or authors of books, or whatever can bring her interest. After establishing a good relationship with Maya and making sure that she is ready to talk, the counselor will do assessment. Through talking with Maya, the counselor can comprehend Maya’s feelings, her coping behaviors, her perceptions about the incident, her developmental tasks, and her ecosystem. At the end of the assessment, two main issues might emerge. That is, trauma from sexual abuse and racism-related issues, including obsession with race and an identity issue.It is said that counselors are ethically and legally mandated to report suspicions of child sexual abuse to authorities (Miller, Dove, & Miller, 2007). Therefore, documenting and reporting the suspected sexual abuse of Maya is the counselor’s first job. In the specific counseling session, the counselor needs to consider that treatment issues for child victims of rape typically includes many symptoms. Some of these symptoms include anger, trust issues, social withdrawal, self-blame, emotional dysregulation, dissociation, eating disorders, self-injury, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Budrionis & Jongsma, 2003).Previous research suggests cognitive-behavioral approaches â€Å"reduce the impact† of (child) sexual abuse (Berliner & Elliot, 2002), and are more effective than supportive therapy in promoting improvements in children’s knowledge about body safety sk ills (Deblinger, Stauffer, & Steer, 2001). The counselor could apply cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to identify distorted thinking, like how Maya thought being raped and Mr. Freeman’s death were caused by her; modify beliefs; facilitate relating to others in different ways; and changes Maya’s behaviors associated with her trauma.Next, the counselor needs to deal with the racism-related issues that Maya is experiencing. Cross model of psychological nigrescense (the process of becoming Black)(Cross, 1971, 1991, 1995;Hall & Cross, & Freedle, 1972) indicated that the evolution from the pre-encounter to the internalization stage reflects a movement form psychological dysfunction to psychological health. Evidence from the book supports an assumption that Maya is in her pre-encounter stage, where individuals consciously or unconsciously devalue their own Blackness and concurrently value White values and ways.This can be seen when Maya often imagines that one day she will escapes from her black skin and become a blond and blue-eyed white girl. African Americans at pre-encounter stage evidence self-hate, low self-esteem, and poor mental health (Vandiver. 2001), whereas African Americans with the greatest internalization of racial identity report the highest self –esteem (Pierre & Mahalik, 2005). It seems that accepting who you are and being proud of yourself are fundamental for African American to maintain mental health. However, long journey needs to be gone through in order to make changes.For changing the perception of herself and her perceptions towards African Americans, the counselor could introduce Maya with some movies or books of outstanding African Americans. Facing racism, Neal-Barnette and Crowther (2000) found that parents who focusing on human values and ignoring the role of race more likely generate children’s higher levels of social anxiety, particularly with African American peers. It means, for African Americans, it is crucial for parents actively prevent racism by admitting existence of racism, putting this issue on the table, and guiding their children to confront racism.In Maya’s case, the counselor could refer to Sue and Sue (2007)’s recommendation. That is, the counselor can employ family and community support systems. Specifically, members of the family and other important individuals (brother, Momma, uncle, teacher, etc. ) in Maya’s life could be asked to meet together in Momma’s home, and then all the members could share information about their struggles and search for identity. Sue and Sue (2007) indicated that, use of these techniques, derived from African American experience, can lead to personal empowerment. Reference Angelou, M. (1971).I know why the caged bird sings. New York, United States: Bantam Books. Berliner, L. , & Elliot, D. M. (2002). Sexual abuse of children. In J. E. B. Myers, L. Berliner, J. Briere, & Ct. T. Hendrix (Eds. ), The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (2nd ed). (pp. 55-78). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Budrionis, R. , & Jongsma, A. E. (2003). The Sexual abuse Victim and Sexual Offender Treatment Planner. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. Cross, W. E. (1971). The Negro-to-Black conversion experience: Towards a psychology of Black liberation. Black World. 20, 13-27 Cross, W. E. (1991).Shades of Black: Diversity in African American identity. Philadelphia: temple University Press. Cross, W. E. (1995). The psychology of Nigrescence: Revising the Cross model. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander(Eds. ), Handbook of multicultural counseling (PP. 93-122). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Deblinger, E. , Stauffer, L. B. , & Steer, R. A. (2001). Comparative efficacies of supportive and cognitive behavioral group therapies for young children who have been sexually abused and their nonoffending mothers. Child Maltreatment, 6 (4), 332-343. Hall, W. S. , Cross, W. E. & Freedle, R. (1972). Stages in the development of Black awareness: An exploratory investigation. In R. L. Jones (Ed. ), Black psychology (pp. 156-165). New Yourk: Harper & Row. Neal-Barnett, A. M. , & Crowther, J. H. (2000). To be female, middle class, anxious, and Black. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 129-136 McPherson, Dolly A. (1990). Order out of Chaos: The autobiographical Works of Maya Angelou. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. Miller, K. L. , Dove, M. K. , & Miller, S. M. (2007, October). A counselor’s guide to child sexual abuse: Prevention, reporting and treatment strategies.Paper based on a program presented at the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision Conference, Columbus, OH. Pierre, M. R. , & Mahalik, J. R. (2005). Examining African self-consciousness and Black racial identity as predictors of Black men’s psychological well-being. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11, 28-40. Sue, D. W. , & Sue, D. (2007). Counseling the Culturally Diverse : Theory an d Practice. (5th Ed). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Vandiver, B. J. (2001). Psychological nigrescence revisited: introduction and overview. Journal of Multicultural counseling and Development, 29, 165-173.